Wave action and the effects of the environment on sandbag dike performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Winnipeg, Manitoba experiences annual flooding and has a history of major floods that have exceeded its permanent flood protection infrastructure. During these major flood events, sandbag dikes have been used to temporarily protect the community, with little knowledge of how they work. These dikes, like all flood fighting techniques have an inherent risk associated with their use. This thesis provides an understanding of the engineering behaviour of these structures that aims at reducing the risk of their use.\n\nSpecifically this thesis examines the effects of wave action on dike stability and the effects of building dikes on foundations affected by Manitoba’s environment.\n\nThe testing program included both full-scale and large-scale testing. The full-scale testing consisted of wave testing of 5 ft (1.524 m) sandbag dikes, built according to the City of Winnipeg standard dike cross section, to examine the effects of wave height on dike stability. The full-scale dikes were built and loaded with waves in a 100 foot (30 m) long hydraulic wave flume. The large-scale testing comprised of large-scale direct shear tests carried out in an environmental chamber to establish the effect of the environmental factors such as moisture, temperature and snow, on the dike-foundation interface strength.\n \nThe wave results showed that as significant wave heights were increased to the range of 0.41 m to 0.45 m, that the dikes built according to the City of Winnipeg cross section became unstable. The thesis recommends modifications to the dike construction and material for dikes that are to be built in areas prone to waves of similar height.\n\nThe direct shear tests provided Mohr-Coulomb shear strength parameters for the dike-foundation interface when exposed to environmental conditions typical to Manitoba. The results show that snow in the interface provided the lowest capacity to resist lateral movements. Recommendations are provided for the use of these parameters and include the removal of snow from the sandbag dike corridors prior to their construction. \n\nOverall, the thesis provides an understanding of the behaviour of sandbag dikes exposed to wave action and environmental effects. This knowledge can be used to create policies for reducing the risk of using sandbag dikes during flood events.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".