The effect of loading frequency on the long-term cyclic behavior of dense calcareous sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transportation infrastructure foundations filled with calcareous sand are exposed to long-term cyclic loading under various frequencies. This study presents experimental results about the drained cyclic triaxial tests conducted on dense calcareous sand under different mean effective stresses ([Formula: see text]), cyclic stress ratios (ζ), and loading frequencies (f) to examine the effect of f on the long-term cyclic behavior. Results show that the increase in f causes the significant increase in the accumulated axial strain ([Formula: see text]). As ζ increases, [Formula: see text] becomes more sensitive to f, while the increase of p0 could limit the aggravating effect of f on [Formula: see text]. At a higher ζ, increasing f can even lead to a failure and larger dilated volumetric strain of dense calcareous sand specimens. The increase in f has a considerable impairing effect on the shakedown behavior, which can cause the stable shakedown behavior to transform into transitional or unstable shakedown behaviors. More accurate shakedown discriminant boundaries suitable for calcareous sand under different f were therefore proposed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".