These Well-Wooded Towns: Supplying Fuel Wood to Central Canadian Urban Markets, 1867–1921
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the late 1860s, Toronto subsidized two narrow gauge rail lines in an effort to meet rising energy demands, make use of its hinterland's ability to supply firewood, and utilize railway charters to enforce cheap transportation of firewood from the hinterland to the city. Several of the new Dominion's earliest railways were thus not the typical trunk lines for connecting distant population centres; rather, they were narrow gauge lines that ran into the forest for the purpose of supplying fuel to urban Canadians. Rising fuel prices, however, resulted in debates over what some considered "cordwood monopolies" and broken rail charters. An examination of the records of urban fuel merchants, statistics of locomotive fuel consumption, and Geographic Information System (GIS) maps of national railway freight reveal where firewood markets expanded and how urban firewood consumption intensified in southern Ontario cities. Wood remained an integral part of the modern urban energy system until at least the early 1920s, a period usually considered Canada's age of coal, because firewood and coal had much in common as solid fuels and railway expansion created new markets for firewood from the Canadian Shield. Abstract: À la fin des années 1860, Toronto a subventionné deux lignes de chemin de fer à voie étroite en vue de répondre à la demande croissante d'énergie, de mettre à profit la capacité de son arrière-pays à fournir du bois de chauffage, et d'utiliser les chartes des compagnies de chemin de fer pour assurer le transport bon marché du bois de chauffage de l'arrière-pays vers la ville. Ainsi, plusieurs des premiers chemins de fer du nouveau Dominion n'étaient pas de grandes lignes desservant des centres de population éloignés; il s'agissait plutôt de lignes à voie étroite qui s'enfonçaient dans la forêt afin de fournir du combustible aux citadins. La hausse des prix du carburant a toutefois donné lieu à des débats sur ce que certains considéraient comme des « monopoles sur le bois de corde » et une infraction aux chartes des compagnies de chemin de fer. L'examen des registres des marchands de combustible urbains, des statistiques sur la consommation de carburant des locomotives ainsi que des cartes du système d'information géographique (SIG) sur le fret ferroviaire au pays révèle l'étendue des marchés du bois de chauffage et l'intensification de la consommation de bois de chauffage dans les villes du sud de l'Ontario. Le bois est demeuré une partie intégrante du système énergétique urbain moderne, du moins jusqu'au début des années 1920. Cette période est généralement considérée comme l'âge du charbon au Canada, car le bois de chauffage et le charbon avaient beaucoup en commun en tant que combustibles solides et l'expansion du réseau ferroviaire a créé de nouveaux marchés pour le bois de chauffage provenant du Bouclier canadien.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.025 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".