The impact of the initial public health response to COVID-19 on swine health surveillance in Ontario
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
COVID-19 restrictions and the pandemic have affected animal health and food production through the disease's effects on human activities. COVID-19 impact on swine health surveillance can be assessed by investigating submissions and test positivity for pathogens before and after COVID-19 restrictions. PRRSV, Influenza A virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and PCV-2 are considered important and economically challenging respiratory diseases for the swine populations. By reviewing test results from swine samples submitted for diagnostic testing to a regional diagnostic laboratory, and by assessing total submissions, total positive tests, and the proportion of positive tests at weekly intervals with time series techniques and generalized linear regression models, we evaluated COVID-19's impact on the monitoring of these respiratory pathogens in Ontario, Canada. We classified weeks that fell from week 12 through week 24 in each year as pandemic equivalent weeks and the non-pandemic weeks included all other weeks. The pandemic period in 2020 resulted in a significantly higher number of submissions (p < 0.05) and PRRSV positive submission counts (p < 0.05) when compared to equivalent time periods in previous years; however, no changes could be detected in the odds of weekly PRRSV submission positivity. Weekly positive proportions of PCV-2 tests were higher during the pandemic period in 2020 compared with the pandemic equivalent period in 2018 and 2017. The counts of submissions that requested tests for PRRSV, Influenza A virus and M. hyopneumonia combined, as well as the number of submissions and the proportions of submissions that tested negative for these multiple respiratory pathogens were not significantly different between the pandemic period in 2020 and other periods examined. Our findings indicate that swine producers, in conjunction with various private and public veterinary support services, continued monitoring and performing diagnostic screening on farms for economically important animal diseases despite complications resulting from COVID-19 public health restrictions. PRRSV continues to have a serious impact on swine health. The absence of an increased proportion of negative tests for individual or groups of pathogens, or an accompanying increase in submissions during the 2020 pandemic period suggests that no new undetected pathogens with an impact on respiratory signs in swine were introduced during this time.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it