Bibliographic record
Abstract
We show how to efficiently simulate the sending of a message M to a receiver who has partial information about the message, so that the expected number of bits communicated in the simulation is close to the amount of additional information that the message reveals to the receiver. We use our simulation method to obtain several results in communication complexity. • We prove a new direct sum theorem for bounded round communication protocols. For every k, if the two party communication complexity of computing a function f is C > k, then the complexity of computing n copies of f using a k round protocol is at least Ω(n(C − O(k + √ Ck))). This is true in the distributional setting under any distribution on inputs, and also in the setting of worst case randomized computation. • We prove that the internal information cost (namely the information revealed to the parties) involved in computing any functionality using a two party interactive protocol on any input distribution is exactly equal to the amortized communication complexity of computing independent copies of the same functionality. Here by amortized communication complexity we mean the average per copy communication in the best protocol for computing multiple copies of a functionality, with a fixed error in each copy of the functionality. • Finally, we show that the only way to prove a strong direct sum theorem for communication complexity is by solving a particular variant of the pointer jumping problem that we define. If this problem has a cheap communication protocol, then a strong direct sum theorem must hold. On the other hand, if it does not, then the problem itself gives a counterexample for the direct sum question. In the process we show that a strong direct sum theorem for communication complexity holds if and only if efficient compression of communication protocols is possible. Microsoft Research New England, mbraverm@cs.toronto.edu. Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, anuprao@cs.washington.edu.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".