PSX-B-6 Effect of slow-release urea on gas production, fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in an artificial rumen system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of slow-release urea (SRU) on gas production, fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility, and microbial protein synthesis using artificial rumen system. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications of each treatment. The treatments were control diet (no SRU), control diet supplemented with 0.28% (U28), 0.56% SRU (U56) or control diet that was added by 1.5% more corn grain and substituted with 0.35% SRU for 1.85% soybean meal (U35-SBM). The diets were formulated to be isoenergetic (1.71 NEL Mcal/kg), but protein concentration was lower (15.48 vs. 16.24%) and starch concentration was higher (28.2 vs. 27.1%) with U35-SBM than other three treatments. Experimental period consisted of 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Rumen inoculum was obtained from three ruminally fistulated Angus cows fed the same diet to the substrate incubated. Gas production (L/d) was lower (P = 0.02) with U35-SBM (1.51) than control (1.79) or U28 (1.92); however, methane production was not affected by treatments (average, 47 mg/d). Dry matter digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) with U35-SBM (78.5%) than other treatments (74.6%), which had no differences in DM digestibility. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production did not differ among treatments (average, 53.1 mmol/d), but increasing SRU supplementation linearly (P < 0.01) decreased molar proportion of propionate from 27.0 to 25.7% and linearly (P < 0.01) increased acetate to propionate ratio from 1.69 to 1.78. The ammonia nitrogen (N) linearly (P < 0.01) increased from 7.70 to 10.25 mmol/L with increasing SRU addition. Microbial protein synthesis was greater (P = 0.03) with SRU treatments (average, 83.9 mg N/d) than control (78.9 mg N/d). The present results demonstrated the benefits to add the SRU in dairy cow diet for improving ruminal digestibility and microbial protein synthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".