Electrochemical applications of printed circuit boards: Electrocatalysis and internal reference electrodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As a chemically resistant hard substrate with surface-mounted metal pads, Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) have the potential to be utilized as substrates for electrochemical applications such as electrochemical microfluidic devices. Compared with regular electrochemical substrates made with glass slides or filter papers, PCB-based substrates have electrode pads with customized size, shape and position, and more wiring layers. Previous works have shown that the PCB-based electrochemical devices can be used as biosensors, electrochemical impedance cytometers, and electrochemical imaging platforms, while their workability as a platform for electrocatalysis has not yet been presented. This work presents a method to develop PCBs into electrochemical substrates for alcohol electrocatalysis and internal reference electrodes. The copper pads were pretreated and electrodeposited with nickel (Ni), silver (Ag), palladium (Pd), and platinum (Pt) for various electrocatalytic purposes. To show the ability of making PCB-based electrochemical devices, two types of PCB-based reference electrodes were made.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".