Motion Restricted by Hydration Shell: A Self-Reporting System for Visualizing Electrolyte Interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrolyte interaction is of pivotal importance for chemical, biochemical, and environmental processes, including cellular signal transduction, DNA attraction, and protein dynamics. Although its investigation has been at the focus of extensive research, direct visualization of electrolyte interaction at the molecular level is exceptionally challenging. Here, we report a highly sensitive and readily-accessible technique to visualize the electrolyte interactions in water through molecular design and fluorescence spectroscopy. Two water-soluble luminogens with either cationic or anionic groups are designed as electrolyte models. The hydration shell of isolated luminogens is able to restrict their intramolecular motion, which enhances the emission. Consequently, the occurred electrolyte interactions can be optically detected since they affect the reorientation dynamics of water molecules in the hydration shell and vary the restriction strength on the intramolecular motion of the luminogens. Moreover, this technology allows us to reveal how electrolyte interaction affects the internal motion of an electrolyte within its hydration shell, which has rarely been achieved through experimental approaches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".