Deposition of Fine Particles during Hydrotreating of Oil Sands Bitumen-Derived Heavy Gas Oil in a Packed Bed Reactor: Impact of Process Parameters and Surface Charge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Heavy gas oil feed in a packed bed reactor was used to study the influence of temperature (370–400 °C), pressure (1000–1400 psig), and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) (0.5–2 h –1 ) on the deposition of fines (asphaltene-coated kaolin) during hydrotreating. The effects of surface charge on fines deposition on the catalyst bed were also investigated. The study showed that LHSV was the only factor with an individual effect on deposition, where increasing LHSV resulted in a decrease in fines deposition. Contrastingly, pressure and temperature showed interactive effects with a combination of high temperature (>380 °C) and low pressure (<1250 psig) or low temperature (<390 °C) and high pressure (>1150 psig), resulting in minimal deposition. These combinations of temperature and pressure also coincided with the region of high hydrodesulfurization, suggesting the impact of fines deposition on catalyst activity. Opposite surface charges possessed by fines and the catalyst created an attractive force that contributed to fines deposition during hydrotreating.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".