Energy extraction, resistance, and political change in Inuit Nunangat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of political conflicts in Inuit Nunangat (the Inuit homeland in Canada), over the extraction of energy resources, including oil, natural gas, uranium, and hydroelectricity. We use a regional approach that features a historical overview for each of the four land-claim regions that comprise Inuit Nunangat. These regional histories show that resistance to energy resource extraction has been an important driver of Inuit political development. The formation of Inuit organizations, the recognition of Inuit legal rights, and the negotiation of modern land-claims agreements have all been driven (to varying degrees) by conflicts with extractive industries. Our chapter also shows that the recognition of Inuit legal rights and the negotiation of land-claim agreements have resulted in an increased willingness on the part of Inuit political organizations to collaborate with extractive industries. However, in all cases, Inuit and their representative organizations have continued to resist specific types of extraction that they consider to be especially risky or otherwise contrary to their interests. We conclude with a brief discussion of some of the political and economic challenges Inuit communities face as a result of extractive capitalism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".