Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study determined the prevalence of dry eye (DE) symptoms and clinical diagnosis over the age range of the human lifespan, the correlation of symptoms with diagnosis, and factors associated with DE. Data was abstracted from WatES, a retrospective file review (n=6397) of patient examinations at the University of Waterloo Optometry Clinic. The prevalence of DE symptoms and diagnosis were determined overall, in five year age groups and for individual symptoms. Using logistic regression, each symptom was analyzed for a significant association with DE diagnosis. Ocular and systemic factors, and common medications were analyzed for association with DE symptoms or diagnosis. Of all patients (0-93 years) 543 (8.5%) presented with DE symptoms. Prevalence within age groups was greatest for patients 30<35 (11.4 %) and 75<80 years (13.7 %). DE was diagnosed in 1140 patients (17.8%). Prevalence increased by 3.0% per year of age. No sex-related differences in meibomian gland dysfunction as a function of age were found. Less than half (43.5%) of symptomatic patients were diagnosed with DE. The following symptoms were associated with a DE diagnosis: dryness (OR= 7.56, 5.30-10.77 95% CI), injection (OR=3.62, 2.04-6.43 95%CI), burning/stinging/soreness (OR=2.67, 1.69-4.23 95%CI), and watery eyes/tearing (OR=1.66, 1.12-2.45 95%CI). Anterior blepharitis (OR=2.46, 2.05-2.95), being female (OR=1.24, 1.06-1.40 95%CI), contact lens wear (OR=1.34, 1.06-1.70 95%CI), and environmental allergies (OR=1.18, 1.00-1.41 95% CI) were statistically associated with a diagnosis of DE. In summary, specific presenting symptoms predicted DE diagnosis, DE was diagnosed in patients of all ages, and its prevalence increased steadily with age.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".