Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article will examine pigments recently identified in an unpublished conservation survey at the Wellcome Collection that included two 17th-century medical manuscripts. These pigments, which were drawn from plant and mineral products, served a dual purpose based on their medicinal and pigmented properties. An exploration of how these pigments were used (and why) by a range of practitioners – including apothecaries, physicians, “kitchen physicians,” and artisans – reveals the importance of colour throughout early modern Europe. The persistence of traditional medical theories is revealed by examining evidence across an extensive period covering the 16th to the 18th century. Receipt books, medical treatises, and health guides are contrasted with artisanal texts reflecting the blurring of boundaries between the worlds of medicine and art. Modern analysis by conservators of colour used in medieval and early modern texts is crucial to the preservation of pigments but also provides a deeper understanding of what and how pigmented products were used in the period and, ultimately, informs our current understandings of early modern life and medicine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".