"It Doesn’t Work!": The Symbolic Aspect of Law, From the Criminal Law to Bill 21
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article uses an analytical framework from the criminal law to analyse Quebec's Bill 21.It analyses denunciation, an important principle in the criminal law, and describes its analytical framework.It then applies this framework to Bill 21.From a historical analysis of the importance of state secularism in Quebec, it reframes the debate regarding Bill 21 and paints Bill 21 as a symbolic and constitutive act.Bill 21 allows Quebecers to break free from an oppressive past defined by the confluence of church and state.As a symbolic act, it constitutes and consolidates a shared identity.It is underlain by shared anxieties regarding potential threats to this identity.By developing a criminal law framework, this article suggests, although tangentially, that the importance of the symbolic and constitutive aspects of law transcends the criminal law.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.054 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".