Effect of Midazolam on Immediate Cognitive Function during Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Elderly Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Undergoing Radiofrequency Ablation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Previous studies showed that midazolam had some effects on cognitive dysfunction. Objective: To study the drug effects by using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test to assess cognitive function in the elderly with hepatocellular carcinoma during total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) after radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Materials and Methods: Ninety geriatric patients, aged 65 to 80 scheduling for RFA under TIVA were randomized into two groups, A (n=51) receiving midazolam and B (n=39) without midazolam. Prior to the procedure, the first Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test was done. The second test was done when the patients gained full-conscious in the recovery room. Results: The pre-test and post-test scores were comparable between the two groups. Interestingly, the participants in group A and B had normal scores prior to starting the anesthesia and the score decreased after the surgical procedure. Fifty-one and thirty-four patients, with and without midazolam showed the incidence of cognitive dysfunction as 33.3% and 14.7%, respectively. The score in group A appeared to decrease significantly (p<0.01) after the operation. This was not observed in group B. Conclusion: Under TIVA with midazolam, 60% of the elderly with hepatocellular carcinoma after RFA showed a significant decrease of immediate cognitive function. Keywords: Elderly, Midazolam, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test, Radiofrequency ablation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".