The Effects of Probiotic Treatment During Puberty on LPS-Induced Immune Response in Male and Female Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Puberty is a critical developmental period that is particularly vulnerable to stress and inflammation. In mice, exposure to an immune challenge (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) during puberty causes enduring effects on depression- and anxiety-like behaviour into adulthood. While the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown, the gut microbiome could play a role in mediating the immune system and can alter brain functioning. Thus, we investigated if colonizing the gut with beneficial microbes via probiotics could mediate the inflammatory response to pubertal LPS treatment, in 80 male and female CD1 mice. Sickness behaviour and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression via RT-qPCR were examined. LPS treatment increased sickness and inflammation in all mice. However, LPS-treated males showed more sickness behaviour, but less central cytokine mRNA expression compared to females and their control saline-treated counterparts. These effects were eliminated when the mice were treated with probiotics. In females, probiotic treatment reduced sickness behaviour, in a time-specific manner, and reduced cytokine mRNA expression in a region-specific manner following LPS treatment. Our results show that probiotics mitigate the LPS-induced immune response differently between males and females. These findings suggest that probiotics have a protective effect during puberty and may prevent the onset of mental health conditions like depression and anxiety.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".