A Semantic Segmentation Method for Early Forest Fire Smoke Based on Concentration Weighting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Forest fire smoke detection based on deep learning has been widely studied. Labeling the smoke image is a necessity when building datasets of target detection and semantic segmentation. The uncertainty in labeling the forest fire smoke pixels caused by the non-uniform diffusion of smoke particles will affect the recognition accuracy of the deep learning model. To overcome the labeling ambiguity, the weighted idea was proposed in this paper for the first time. First, the pixel-concentration relationship between the gray value and the concentration of forest fire smoke pixels in the image was established. Second, the loss function of the semantic segmentation method based on concentration weighting was built and improved; thus, the network could pay attention to the smoke pixels differently, an effort to better segment smoke by weighting the loss calculation of smoke pixels. Finally, based on the established forest fire smoke dataset, selection of the optimum weighted factors was made through experiments. mIoU based on the weighted method increased by 1.52% than the unweighted method. The weighted method cannot only be applied to the semantic segmentation and target detection of forest fire smoke, but also has a certain significance to other dispersive target recognition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".