Experimental Study on the Effect of Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Unconsolidated Silty Sandstones
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrocarbon reservoirs can be subjected to temperature changes due to different processes during production. Heat injection has become an advantageous method to produce heavy oils in Canada and Venezuela because it increases oil recovery. The heat reduces oil viscosity and oil flows easily. Colombia has significant heavy oil reserves in unconsolidated silty sandstones. It is important to understand the mechanical behavior of these reservoirs in thermal recovery conditions (temperature and effective stress). The reconstituted samples from a Colombian heavy oil outcrop were evaluated using a high-temperature and high-pressure triaxial cell. Twelve isotropically consolidated drained triaxial tests were conducted at three different effective stresses (0.4, 4.0, and 8.2 MPa) and a temperature range from 50 to 230 °C to represent the initial and thermal recovery conditions, and obtain parameters, such as Young’s and Bulk moduli, internal friction angle, and cohesion. The samples at higher confining stress (4.0 and 8.2 MPa) were under contraction, while samples at lower confining stress (0.4 MPa) were under dilation. The stiffness increased as the confining stress increased and decreased as temperature increased, and the strength properties significantly decreased as temperature increased. Finally, the Colombian samples exhibited low friction angles when compared to clean sandstones as Canadian sands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".