Decentralization and subnational politics in North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter reviews the relationship between subnational politics and decentralization in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. There is a significant contrast in fiscal and political institutions implemented in these countries: the US is fiscally and politically decentralized with direct democracy provisions that lead to important effects on taxation and spending of subnational governments. In comparison, Mexico is fiscally and politically centralized with a tax revenue sharing accord that creates a significant dependence of states on intergovernmental transfers, and Canada lies as the middle of the road case with decentralized political institutions but with a tax revenue sharing system. Withing these political and fiscal institutions, evidence suggests that electoral competition, parties' preferences over policy, the left and right ideology, and party alignment are important determinants of the size and composition of spending and taxation of subnational governments, the dependence of state and local governments on higher tiers of government, and the responsiveness of local authorities to the demands of residents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".