Catalytic Decomposition of Oleic Acid to Fuels and Chemicals: Roles of Catalyst Acidity and Basicity on Product Distribution and Reaction Pathways
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The roles of catalyst acidity and basicity playing in catalytic conversion of oleic acid were studied in a fixed-bed micro-reactor at atmospheric pressure. The chemical compositions of the petroleum-like products were obtained and the reaction pathways of different catalysts are discussed. The metal oxides are suitable for upgrading oleic acid into organic liquid products (OLPs). Over 98% oxygen was removed when CaO, MgO, and TiO2 were implemented, whereas a minimum oxygen removal lower than 20% was obtained by using quartz. The oxygen removal was 73% by alumina; however, the light oil yield (to feed) and the valuable product yield received were the highest in all investigated catalysts. The hydrocarbons in OLPs, overwhelmingly presenting in the product, were found to be alkenes and cycloalkenes, followed by saturated hydrocarbons, and then aromatics lower than 4%. For Lewis acidic catalysts, higher acidity of the catalyst is beneficial to deoxygenation but also secondary cracking. CaO has higher dehydrogenation capability than MgO does.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".