Evolutionary trade-offs between anti-predator mechanisms among coral-reef sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea : echinodermata)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sea cucumbers are generally elongate in shape, relatively sessile deposit and suspension feeders that use anti-predator mechanisms to avoid predation. Pre-attack anti-predator mechanisms decrease the encounter rate between predator and prey, whereas post-attack anti-predator mechanisms reduce the success rate of predatory encounters. On coral reefs, aspidochirote sea cucumber pre-attack mechanisms such as diurnal concealment could represent a tradeoff with post-attack mechanisms such as body size and toxicity if they incur costs. Gape-limited predation theory predicts an inverse relationship between diurnal concealment and body size. Maximum likelihood analysis detected correlated evolution with respect to body size and concealment in aspidochirotes. This relationship was not fully explained by gape-limited predation, as reproduction and feeding may be involved. A feeding deterrence experiment using a fish predator failed to detect any difference in crude extract palatability between two diverged pairs of diurnally concealed and diurnally exposed aspidochirotes, although all extracts were deterrent versus controls.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".