The problem of constructing the ideal in the moderate and radical traditions of Russian liberalism at the end of the 19th century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article is devoted to the formation of the ideal in the moderate and radical traditions of Russian liberalism in the last quarter of the 19th century. This period is fundamentally important in the evolution of liberal thought and movement: at this time, the liberal policies of Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century were formed. The problem of constructing a socio-political ideal allows us to show polarization within the liberal tradition. Based on the analysis of political journalism and documents of personal origin, the author comes to the conclusion that the moderate liberal tradition followed the idea of personal improvement and was guided by the development of the existing political system. The radicals highlighted the social ideal, assumed a change in the political system and did not exclude the possibility of revolution. The research results can be used both in historical research and in other humanities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.033 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".