Evaporating characteristics of diesel sprays under split-injection condition with a negative dwell time
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of the split-injection strategy with a negative dwell time using a multi-hole diesel injector under evaporating conditions. To compare with negative dwell conditions, the single-injection and positive and zero dwell conditions were adopted. The Laser Absorption Scattering (LAS) technique was employed to measure the temporal and spatial evolution of fuel evaporation and mixture concentration in the experiments. The split injection of 7:3 was selected according to the results of the previous study that proposed a homogeneous mixture after the end of injection. The dwell times of −50 us, 0 us, and 120 us were selected based on the measurement of the injection rate. The blended fuel consisting of 97.5% of n-tridecane and 2.5% of 1-methylnaphthalene in volume was used. The results show that a shorter spray tip penetration was present in the split injection with a negative dwell time. This phenomenon is expected to reduce the possibility of wall impingement and result in fewer nitrogen oxides (NOx) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHCs) under the injection conditions with a negative dwell time, especially for the conditions of a large injection amount and small-bore engines. Moreover, different spray shapes and behavior occurred in the case of different injection strategies. The spray of split-injection strategy with a negative dwell time has large radial dispersion, and it can improve the air utilization inside a cylinder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".