Marginal Citizens: Interracial Intimacies and the Incarceration of Japanese Canadians, 1942–1949
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Following Japan's 1941 attacks on Hawai'i and Hong Kong, Canada relocated, detained, and exiled citizens and residents of Japanese ancestry. Many interracial families, however, were exempted from this racial project called the internment. The form of the exemption was an administrative permit granted to its holder on the basis of their marital or patrilineal proximity to whiteness. This article analyzes these permits relying on archival research and applying a critical race feminist lens to explore how law was constitutive of race at this moment in Canadian history. I argue that the permits recategorized interracial intimacies towards two racial ends: to differentiate the citizen from the "enemy alien"; and to regulate the interracial family according to patriarchal common law principles. This article nuances received narratives of law as an instrument of racial exclusion by documenting the way in which a new inclusive state measure sustained old exclusions. Résumé: À la suite des attaques japonaises lancées sur Hawaï et Hong Kong en 1941, le Canada a transféré, emprisonné et exilé plusieurs citoyens et résidents d'ascendance japonaise. De nombreuses familles interraciales ont cependant été exemptées de ce projet racial appelé « internement ». La forme prise par cette exemption était un permis administratif accordé à son titulaire en raison de sa proximité matrimoniale ou patrilinéaire avec la blanchité. Sur la base de recherches archivistiques, cet article analyse ces permis en appliquant une perspective critique (critical race feminist) pour explorer comment le droit était constitutif de la race à ce moment de l'histoire canadienne. Je soutiens que les permis ont recatégorisé les intimités interraciales vers deux fins raciales, soit de 1) différencier le citoyen de « l'étranger ennemi » et de 2) réglementer la famille interraciale selon les principes patriarcaux de la common law. Cet article nuance les récits sociaux répandus qui décrivent la loi comme un instrument d'exclusion raciale en documentant la façon dont une nouvelle mesure étatique à prétention inclusive a soutenu les anciennes exclusions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.028 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".