The Theme of Happiness and British Utilitarianism in Russian Thought, from the 1860s to the Early 1880s
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The theme of happiness is a neglected topic in studies of Russian thought, in part because the Russian intelligentsia came to be associated with the ethos of self-abnegation and sacrifice in the name of the common good. It is little known that the spread of utilitarian philosophy in Russia in the early 1860s sparked a debate on the notion of happiness (individual and collective) between the left intelligentsia and their opponents on the conservative spectrum. The publication of the Russian translations of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill in the late 1860s provided a new spur to the controversy and gave it a more philosophical flavor. While the intelligentsia thinkers asserted the right to happiness as one of the fundamental human needs, rooted in the very essence of human nature, the conservative writers contested both the idea of happiness as a right and the notion that happiness is the purpose of life. This article examines the intellectual and contextual development of the theme of happiness in Russian thought throughout the 1860s–1880s.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it