Paternal Influence on the Developmental Pathways of Maternal Parenting Stress, Home Learning Stimulation, and Children’s Social Skills in the U.S. and Korea: A Moderated Mediation Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To increase the specificity in paternal influence as the importance caregiving context on mothers and children, we aimed to test 1) whether the mediation effect of maternal parenting stress at age 3 on children’s social skills at age 9 via home learning stimulation at age 5 was significant; 2) whether this mediation effect varied according to paternal involvement and depression at age 3; and 3) whether this proposed path was culturally generalizable. To examine causal pathways and compare differences between two cultures, we analyzed the proposed moderated mediation models using nationally representative longitudinal data from the U.S. (the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study) and Korea (the Panel Study on Korean Children) using SPSS 25 and PROCESS. We found that in both countries, higher maternal parenting stress at age 3 hindered the development of school-aged children’s social skills through lower levels of home-learning stimulation. We also found cultural differences: paternal involvement significantly buffered the negative effects of maternal parenting stress in Korea, while paternal mental health (i.e., non-depression) played that buffering role in the U.S. This study illustrates both the cross-cultural generalizability and culture-specific aspects of family processes, then discusses some theoretical implications and potential practices that would better support families in promoting their children’s social development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".