Natural Convection Influenced Ice-Water Systems Contained Between Concentric Spheres
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A computational study of natural convection influenced ice-water systems contained in the annular space between two concentric isothermal spheres is presented. An adaptive-grid control-volume finite element method (CVFEM) formulated for the solution of two-dimensional planar and axisymmetric problems was used in the computer simulations. The grid was designed to delineate the solid-liquid interface using a structured adaptation technique. In this study, attention is limited to three different two-dimensional axisymmetric, steady state, pure ice-water systems, with buoyancy-driven natural convection in the liquid phase: two of these systems involve ice adjacent to the inner sphere, and one system involves ice adjacent to the outer sphere. The dimensionless parameters are the following: a modified Rayleigh number, a density inversion parameter, the Prandtl number, radius ratio, and a temperature ratio. The results presented include solid-liquid interface shapes, streamlines and temperature contours in the liquid phase, and dimensionless local heat flux distributions along the surfaces of the inner and outer spheres, and the interface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".