Measurement of inbreeding depression in <i>Rhododendron kaempferi</i>: seed production, germination, juvenile survival, and growth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To understand the reproductive ecology of a plant species with both selfing and outcrossing reproductive systems, it is important to know how selfed individuals contribute to the maintenance of a population. Further, examination of the magnitude of inbreeding depression after pollination is essential for the accurate measurement of reproductive success. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of viable seeds and seedlings of Rhododendron kaempferi Planch. in a region where the bumblebee pollinator Bombus ardens Smith, 1879 are abundant. In a hand-pollination experiment, the fruit set from self-pollination was 32%, significantly lower than that from outcross-pollination (81%). The number of seeds per fruit from self-pollination was one sixth the number from outcross-pollination. However, the number of seeds per fruit was negatively correlated with the mass per seed. In addition, the germination rate was low when the seed mass was light. Although selfed seeds could germinate, 89% of the seedlings died within a year. The inbreeding depression coefficient one year after sowing was very high (0.89). These results indicate that R. kaempferi shows extremely strong selection for outcrossing but maintains a slight selfing potential in a natural population in central Japan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".