Performance Analysis of LSTMs for Daily Individual EV Charging Behavior Prediction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we evaluate and analyze the performance of long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) for individual electric vehicle (EV) charging behavior prediction over the next day. The charging behavior consists of the charging duration level within a certain upper and lower range, the time slots in which charging will take place, the number of times charging will take place in each time slot, and whether the next day will be a charging day or not. Unlike existing work, we evaluate the behavior prediction performance for increasing resolutions of charging duration levels and charging time slots, using varying lengths of training data. The performance of the proposed approach is validated using real EV charging data, and comparison with other machine learning methods shows its generally superior prediction accuracy for all resolutions. We show that the best performance is achieved when around 8-10 months of data are used as training data. It is also shown that although the performance of the LSTMs degrades with increasing resolution, the performance for charging time slot prediction is affected less compared to that for charging duration prediction. We further propose, analyze and evaluate a new technique that improves the charging duration prediction performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".