Civil Remedies for Terrorism and State Immunity (Réparations Civiles Pour Le Terrorisme et L'immunité Étatique)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
English Abstract: This paper seeks to provoke a discussion about the rights of the survivors and victims of terrorism, and more specifically, to spark a debate about the right of victims of terrorism to obtain a civil remedy in Canadian courts and about the procedural obstacles to such redress posed by the doctrine of state immunity. The author finds the Ottawa Principles’ silence on questions of civil remedies for the primary victims of terrorism regrettable. According to the author, democracies must strike a better balance between the need to protect their populations from the threat of terrorism and the constitutional undertaking to protect individual rights. Both the rights of persons suspected of planning acts of terrorism and the rights of the families that have suffered great loss as a result of terrorist attacks must be upheld. To that end, criminal law cannot, on its own, successfully prevent, punish and deter terrorism. Lawmakers and legal scholars must therefore engage in a full and frank debate on the upsides and downsides of permitting victims of terrorism to seek civil redress in Canadian courts. This debate should extend to other breaches of international law such as torture, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and to the general propriety of enforcing international norms in national courts. The recent English and Canadian transnational human rights cases have shown that national courts are reluctant to exercise their jurisdiction over such cases in the absence of a clear legislative mandate. Further, in the context of suits against states, existing state immunity legislation poorly countenances the particular exigencies of civil proceedings with respect to extraterritorial violations of international law. The proposed amendments to the Criminal Code and the State Immunity Act contained in Bill S-218 should go some way in addressing these issues and, it is hoped, in generating meaningful debate both inside and outside Parliament. French Abstract: Le present chapitre vise a susciter un debat sur les droits des survivants et victimes du terrorisme, et, plus precisement, a susciter un debat sur le droit de ces victimes d’obtenir une reparation civile devant les cours canadiennes ainsi que sur les obstacles proceduraux poses par la doctrine de l’immunite etatique. L’auteur trouve regrettable le silence des Principes d’Ottawa sur la question des recours civils pour les victimes du terrorisme. L’auteur affirme que les democraties doivent trouver un meilleur equilibre entre, d’une part, la necessite de proteger leurs populations contre la menace du terrorisme et, d’autre part, le devoir constitutionnel de protection des droits individuels. Il faudrait a la fois garantir les droits des personnes soupconnees de terrorisme ainsi que les droits des personnes ayant subi de lourdes pertes a la suite d’attaques terroristes. A cette fin, le droit penal ne peut, a lui seul, empecher, punir et dissuader le terrorisme. Les legislateurs et juristes doivent donc s’engager dans un debat franc et complet sur les avantages et les inconvenients d’offrir aux victimes de terrorisme un recours pour obtenir une indemnisation civile aupres des tribunaux canadiens. Ce debat devrait s’etendre a d’autres violations du droit international telles que la torture, les crimes de guerre, les crimes contre l’humanite et la convenance generale d’appliquer les normes internationales devant les tribunaux domestiques. Les recentes decisions en litige transnational des droits de la personne au Royaume-Uni et au Canada ont demontre que les tribunaux domestiques hesitent a exercer leur competence sur de telles affaires, en l’absence d’un mandat legislatif clair de la faire. En outre, dans le contexte des proces intentes contre des Etats, la legislation existante sur l’immunite des Etats ne tient pas compte des exigences particulieres des procedures civiles concernant les violations extraterritoriales du droit international. Les modifications proposees au Code criminel et a la Loi sur l’immunite des Etats contenues dans le projet de loi S-218 devraient permettre d’aborder ces questions et, on l’espere, de susciter un veritable debat tant a l’interieur qu’a l’exterieur des murs du Parlement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".