Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anthropogenic activity has increased human exposure to metals and resulted in metal induced toxicity. Essential trace elements like cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) are best known for their roles as important cofactors in many enzymes involved in signalling, metabolism, and response to oxidative stress. However, deficiencies as well as long-term overexposure to these metals can result in negative health effects. Co has been associated with cardiomyopathy, lung disease, and hearing damage, while Ni is a known carcinogen, as well as a common sensitizing metal. Mn is best classified as a neurotoxicant that causes a disorder alike to idiopathic Parkinson's disease known as Manganism. Although the mechanisms of Co, Ni, and Mn toxicity are complex and have yet to be fully elucidated, research over the years has provided useful insights into understanding metal-induced detrimental effects at the cellular and molecular level. One area of research that has been explored in less detail are metal interactions with lipids and biological membranes, which are a potentially critical target as membranes are the first point of contact for cells. This review covers the current understandings of Co, Ni and Mn toxicity, in terms of human exposure, homeostasis and mechanisms of transport, potential cellular targets, and, of primary focus, metal interactions with lipid and biomembranes. A variety of effects like membrane rigidification, leakage affecting membrane potentials, lipid phase changes, alterations in lipid metabolism and changes of cellular morphology illustrate the vast potential for metal-based membrane effects contributing to their toxicity.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".