When everything is urgent! Mail use and employee well-being
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Karasek's (1979) demand-control (JDC) model of stress was used to theoretically justify the following hypothesis regarding the relationship between employee email use and well-being: (1) the demands imposed on an employee by their use of email (i.e., email volume, hours spent per week in email, the perceived importance and importance/urgency of the email they send/receive) will predict their perceptions of email overload, (2) perceptions of email overload will predict employee well-being, and (3) work control will moderate the relationships between email demands and email overload. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to test the paths in the model using a sample of 1491 knowledge workers. Our analysis confirmed that all four conceptualizations of email demands included in our model predicted email overload and that email overload was a significant predictor of perceived stress. Control over work moderated the path between ‘Important and Urgent’ email and email overload, providing partial support for Karasek's buffer hypothesis. This study contributes to the well-being literature by demonstrating that: (1) email overload is a distinct type of role overload, and (2) email-related strain can be mitigated by giving employees more control over their work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".