Understanding the role of superoxide in mediating the teratogenicity of hydroxyurea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydroxyurea is a teratogen; treatment of dams during organogenesis causes various malformations. Administration of a free radical scavenger ameliorates the embryotoxicity of hydroxyurea, suggesting that oxidative stress mediates this toxicity. The goal of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that superoxide, a reactive oxygen species, is involved. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is an antioxidant enzyme that converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. To elucidate the role of superoxide in mediating hydroxyurea teratogenicity, dams that were wildtype or hemizygous for hSOD1 were treated on gestation day 9 with saline (control) or hydroxyurea (400 or 600 mg/kg). Fetal death rate and weight were affected similarly by hydroxyurea treatment in litters from wildtype and hemizygous dams. However, fetuses from hemizygote dams exposed to 600 mg/kg hydroxyurea had fewer specific external and skeletal malformations when compared to wildtype dams. These data suggest that superoxide dismutase 1 protects fetuses against specific consequences of oxidative insult during organogenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".