Bio‐inspired Synthesis of Energetic Microcapsules Core‐Shell Structured with Improved Thermal Stability and Reduced Sensitivity via In Situ Polymerization for Application Potential in Propellants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract To further improve the comprehensive performances of conventional nitramine energetic crystals hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX), 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane (HMX), and 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20), especially their thermal stability and safety properties, is the main pursue in the field of energetic materials. Enlightened by means of the composition of attachment proteins from mussels, this research demonstrates that polydopamine (PDA) self‐polymerization could be used to prepare core‐shell structure energetic composites by surface coating technology. The results reveal that energetic crystal cores are mostly well‐coated by PDA more than 6 h; the combined characteristics of explosives and PDA indicating the main interface interaction force is hydrogen bonding. Moreover, the optimal polymorph of HMX (β) and CL‐20(ε) are maintained in the preparation process. Besides, another interesting phenomenon can be observed that the polycrystalline phase transition of endothermic and the decomposition temperature of exothermic peak for energetic crystals have been increased evidently, benefitting from the heat resisting of PDA layer. Moreover, thermal decomposition has been studied and calculated under different heating rates. Furthermore, the impact sensitivity of the PDA modified composites obtained is tested as well and decreased by 2–4 times compared with pristine energetic crystals. Therefore, this fabrication strategy in this study would provide a potential application of energetic@PDA in high‐strength and high‐energy propellants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".