Smartphone Addiction as Mediator Effect Loneliness to Empathy among Generation Z
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims to observe relationships between loneliness, smartphone addiction, and empathy in Generation Z. Hypotheses in this study assume that there is a relationship between smartphone addiction and empathy, that there is a relationship between loneliness and smartphone addiction, and that there is a relationship between loneliness and empathy. This study used the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale designed by Kim, Lee, Lee, Nam, and Chung, the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire developed by Spreng, McKinnon, Mar, and Levine, and the University of California Angeles-Loneliness Scale Version 3 arranged by Russell. A total number of 253 male and female respondents with age ranges of 18–23 years old participated in this study. Its results found that there was a significant negative relationship between smartphone addiction and empathy, that there was a significant positive relationship between loneliness and smartphone addiction. The results also show that the relationship between loneliness and empathy is fully mediated by smartphone addiction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".