Tidal Response and Shape of Hot Jupiters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We study the response of hot Jupiters to a static tidal perturbation using the concentric MacLaurin spheroid method. For strongly irradiated planets, we first performed radiative transfer calculations to relate the planet’s equilibrium temperature, T eq, to its interior entropy. We then determined the gravity harmonics, shape, moment of inertia, and static Love numbers for a range of two-layer interior models that assume a rocky core plus a homogeneous and isentropic envelope composed of hydrogen, helium, and heavier elements. We identify general trends and then study HAT-P-13b, the WASP planets 4b, 12b, 18b, 103b, and 121b, and Kepler-75b and CoRot-3b. We compute the Love numbers, k nm , and transit radius correction, ΔR, which we compare with predictions in the literature. We find that the Love number, k 22, of tidally locked giant planets cannot exceed a value of 0.6, and that the high T eq consistent with strongly irradiated hot Jupiters tends to further lower k 22. While most tidally locked planets are well described by a linear regime response of k 22 = 3J 2/q 0 (where q 0 is the rotation parameter of the gravitational potential), for extreme cases such as WASP-12b, WASP-103b, and WASP-121b, nonlinear effects can account for over 10% of the predicted k 22. The k 22 values larger than 0.6, as they have been reported for planets WASP-4b and HAT-P13B, cannot result from a static tidal response without extremely rapid rotation and thus are inconsistent with their expected tidally locked state.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".