Pore pressure coefficient in frozen soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Skempton pore pressure coefficient, B, is defined as the variation in pore pressure with the unit change in confining pressure under undrained conditions. The B parameter is an essential parameter to consider the coupled effects of solid–fluid compressibility and skeleton compressibility in a porous system. It is a key factor in exploring a possible definition of effective stress in frozen soil. However, limited experimental and theoretical research is available in the literature to give insight to the problem. Therefore, a series of B tests on frozen clay was conducted in this study. Results from these tests, along with tests on Ottawa sand, as available in the literature, are analysed considering the effect of the ice crystallisation mode on the skeleton stiffness. The measured B values were lower than expected compared with B values using models that consider single grain bulk stiffness. However, when the difference in bulk stiffness of ice and that of soil grains is considered, even an increase in pore volume, for an increase in fluid pressure, at constant Terzaghi effective stress is possible. The ‘pore stiffness’, which is different from the solid phase stiffness, can take a negative value and can be used to explain the low measured B values.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".