Use and impact of technology-assisted workflow (TAWF) systems for drug compounding in pharmacy practice: a scoping literature review
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to review studies describing the use and the impact of technology-assisted workflow (TAWF) systems for drug compounding in hospital pharmacy. Content This is a scoping literature review. A search was conducted on studies describing or evaluating the use of TAWF published from January 1st, 2015 to July 31st, 2021. Two databases were searched (PubMed and Embase), followed by a search on Google Scholar. Summary 218 articles were screened and 17 were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. TAWFs all included preparation assistance software (17/17), barcode reader (17/17), photo or video taking (17/17), and some included gravimetric systems (8/17), and the use of robots (2/17). A majority of the studies included used technology for parenteral preparations (15/17, one for oral preparations only (1/17), and one used technology for both types of preparations (1/17). Most of the articles selected presented drugs prepared for adults (10/17), the others presented drugs intended for children (4/17) or for a mix of adults and children (3/17). Four parameters were evaluated: error detection rate (n=15), preparation and validation time (n=7), and costs generated or saved (n=7). Ten studies evaluated the pre-post impact of implantation of a TAWF (10/17). Outlook Given the heterogeneity of the data available, the use of TAWF was associated with an increased ability to detect preparation errors, a reduction in preparation time and costs, and increased satisfaction of pharmacy technicians and pharmacists. However, better quality studies are needed to confirm the positive impacts studied.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it