Gender differences of the clinical aspects and complication risks of diabetes mellitus among outpatient clinic visits, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Gender differences are important in epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcomes in Type 2 DM, Objectives: To study gender differences of the burden of type 2 diabetes and complication risk among Saudi subjects visiting the outpatient clinics. Subjects and methods: A cross sectional study, including 2501 patients, who visited the outpatient clinics at two private general hospitals in Jeddah during the years 2018 through to 2019. All patients were examined and diagnosed by specialists. Data were collected using check list form to obtain personal characteristics and area of residence; vital signs, anthropometric measurements, clinical characteristics and outcome of the visits. Statistical analysis: SPSS version 23 (IBM), was used. Chi square, and logistic regression tests were used. OR, and 95% IC were used to describe the relationships. Level of significance was 0.05. Results: Out of all the visits to the outpatient clinics, DM constituted 5.5%. Type 2 DM was common in those aged 40 years and above, while Type 1 DM was common in those aged 18 years and younger. Males were at 1.7 times more likely to develop DM compared to females (OR 1.715; 95% CI: 1.146, 2.257, p <0.009). The males with T2DM had significantly more frequent edema of the lower limbs compared to the females. Polyuria was the most common symptom, while HBA1C and FBS were the most common investigations ordered, and Biguanides and sulfonylurea and insulin were the common treatment prescribed. These were similar in both the males and females. Hypertension (22%), IHD (6%), and dyslipidemia (6%) were encountered among patients with T2DM; however, these CVDs were similar in the males and females. Conclusion: DM is a common chronic disorder, which imposes burden on the primary health care in Saudi Arabia. It is more common in males than females, however, the pattern of cardiovascular complications and health care management were similar in both genders. Key words: DM, Gender, outpatient clinics, Saudi Arabia,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".