Development charges in Toronto: exploring the disconnect between planning policy and fiscal policy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A development charge is a one-time fee that municipalities in Ontario levy on developers to recover growth related costs associated with new development. In Toronto, development charges have increased rapidly amongst surmounting fiscal pressures for growth related capital infrastructure. Research has found that development charges put an upward pressure on housing prices (Ihlanfeldt & Shaughnessy, 2004; Ihlanfeldt & Shaughnessy, 2006; Bryant, 2017), increase the cost of existing housing, (Sishir, 2007) and reduce local economic development activities (Ihlanfeldt & Shaugnessy, 2004; Jones 2015). This paper argues that future increases to development charge rates in the City of Toronto work counterintuitive to its planning policies. The recommendations provided are based on the idea that municipalities must carefully consider the impacts of high development charges alongside planning policy objectives that they aim to achieve. Key Words: Development Charges, Planning Policy, Fiscal Policy, Housing Affordability
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".