The Universal of the “Way of Thinking”: A Comparative Study of the Way of Thinking of Whitehead and Marx
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Whitehead and Marx respectively stand at the peak in different times and they use different ways of thinking to think of the world. However, they two explain the same problem from different perspectives, and they both go beyond a static perspective to view the world of the various schools of traditional Western philosophy and have turned to using dynamic perspectives to think of the world. They answer the same question for people in different eras—the world is an organic whole world. This paper compares Whitehead’s “organic” way of thinking and Marx’s “practical” way of thinking to find something in common—a whole way of thinking. This way of thinking makes us understand questions, raise questions and solve questions from the perspective of the whole field of view, and then allow us to correctly understand and grasp the dynamic world.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.063 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.018 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".