Acoustic pressure oscillations in the decay envelope of the initial shock radiated by an underwater explosion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cole described the initial shock of an underwater explosion as a monotonically decaying exponential, a model widely used [Underwater Explosions, Princeton University Press (1948)]. When viewed on a time scale that includes bubble pulses, virtually all of the published measurement data also appears to follow the shape of a decaying exponential. The authors have made recent recordings of underwater explosions produced by Sound, Underwater Signal (SUS) devices that reveal repeatable oscillations in the decay of the initial shock. At first, these oscillations were considered to be artifacts of the measurement system, but then two different systems designed specifically to avoid such artifacts were used and the same oscillations were found. Chapman’s data from the mid-1980s, which was not originally published on a time scale that could reveal these oscillations, was re-examined and found to exhibit similar oscillations. Cole describes a similar effect for explosions from multiple charges that are not detonated at the same time, but the authors have found no explanation for this effect from a single mass of explosive material. Examples are shown and a possible explanation is proposed. [Work supported by ONR.]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".