Turbulent Characteristics and Air Entrainment Patterns in Breaking Surge Waves
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Breaking surge waves are highly turbulent three-dimensional (3D) flows, which occur when the water flow encounters a sudden change in depth or velocity. The 3D turbulent structures across a breaking surge are induced by the velocity gradient across the surge and phase discontinuity at the front. This paper examined the turbulent structures in breaking surge waves with Froude numbers of 1.71 and 2.13 by investigating the air entrainment and perturbation patterns across the surge front. A combination of the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was utilized to capture air entrainment and turbulent structures simultaneously. The 3D nature of the vortical structures was simulated by implementing a spanwise periodic boundary. The water surface perturbation and air concentration profiles were extracted, and the averaged air concentration profiles obtained from the numerical simulations were consistent with laboratory observations reported in the literature. The linkage between turbulent kinetic energy distribution and air entrainment was also explored in this paper. Finally, using quadrant analysis and the Q-criterion, this paper examined the role of the spanwise perturbations in the development of turbulent structures in the surge front.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it