Processing of Nonmetal Fraction from Printed Circuit Boards and Reutilization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the essential block of electronic equipment. With the metal concentration of 30–35% in PCB, it contains 40–80% of the total estimated value of waste PCB, whereas the rest is the nonmetal fraction such as resin, glass fibers, cellulose, and flame retardants. The separated nonmetal fraction (NMF) accounts for approximately 70% of the total weight and is usually sent to landfills. The materials present in the NMF could provide economic benefits to the recyclers and reduce the environmental concerns associated with improper disposal. Some researchers have suggested alternative use of NMF as secondary materials in various applications, and other researchers have shown the possibility of the physical and chemical recycling of NMF. This chapter provides the details of the nonmetal fraction of the waste printed circuit boards, its composition, and benefits associated with NMF recycling. It also provides an overview of physical and chemical recycling processes for NMF and potential end usage of NMF after metal recovery.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".