In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Study on Hydrate Formation at Low Temperature in a High Vacuum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The condition for incorporating simple gases with H 2 O to form clathrate hydrates in protosolar nebula is a subject of topical interest. Methane and carbon dioxide clathrate hydrates have been speculated to exist in outer solar system bodies, but they have eluded direct detection so far. We have constructed a low-temperature and high-vacuum system to prepare and study clathrate hydrates by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments. Upon heating, we found clathrate hydrates can be obtained from the codeposition of methane or carbon dioxide with water outside the equilibrium thermodynamic stability region under high vacuum. We suggested that the hydrate formation is assisted by the phase transformations in the ice, which provide the necessary activation energy to increase the mobility of the guest and water molecules. The results provide a new perspective on how “metastable” gas hydrate can be formed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".