124 Bone mineral density and associated factors: do young female dancers and other recreational sport athletes differ?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background As an aesthetic activity, dancers are susceptible to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), specifically low bone mineral density (BMD). Compared to sedentary groups, dancers have significantly higher BMD, but little is known about how BMD in dancers relates to other athletic populations. This knowledge may better inform comparative values and risk of bone injury. Objective To evaluate associated factors of BMD among female dancers and sporting athletes. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Human Performance Lab, University of Calgary. Patients (or Participants) 275 females [138 pre-professional dancers (18.4 years IQR: 15.3, 19.9); 137 recreational sport athletes (23.2 years IQR: 21.9, 24.7)] participated. Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors) Factors evaluated: Age (years), BMI (kg/m2), supplement intake (Ca+, vitD; yes/no), stress fracture history (yes/no), irregular menses (yes/no), and MRI/bone scan (yes/no), one-year injury history (yes/no), and activity (dance/sport). All two-way interactions were evaluated. Main Outcome Measurements Whole-body BMD (g/cm2) was estimated from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Lower extremity (LE) segmentation followed published protocols. Results The mean whole-body BMD was 1.03 g/cm2 (SD:0.10) in dancers and 1.14 g/cm2 (SD:0.08) in athletes. LE BMD was 1.10 g/cm2 (SD:0.11) in dancers and 1.19 g/cm2 (SD:0.08) in athletes. Age was positively associated with whole-body BMD (b=0.008,97.5%CI;0.004,0.012) and LE BMD (b= 0.007,97.5%CI;0.002,0.010). Activity modified the relationship between BMI and BMD (p<0.001), for example, for a BMI of 20.1 kg/m2 (mean of participants) the difference between dancers and athletes is -0.389 g/cm2 [97.5% CI: -0.566, -0.195] and -0.381 g/cm2 [97.5% CI: -0.552, -0.197] for whole body and LE BMD respectively. No other variables were associated with BMD. Conclusions Older age is associated with higher BMD in female pre-professional dancers and sport athletes. The relationship between BMI and BMD depends on activity type for both whole-body and lower extremity sites. Efforts to prevent bone injury should focus on younger dancers and athletes and consider the associations of changing body composition over a training season with low BMD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".