Continent-wide drainage reorganization in North America driven by mantle flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract North America (NA) experienced pronounced changes in continental-scale drainage characterized by a reversal for much of the continental interior from north into the Canadian arctic to south into the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) from the Mid-Cretaceous to the Paleocene. However, the driving mechanism for these profound drainage reorganizations remain unexplained. Here, we investigate the role of mantle flow on landscape evolution, by coupling dynamic topography with surface processes. This approach enables us to simulate catchment dynamics and the rearrangement of sediment transport in response to mantle flow. We show that a west-to-east drainage reversal can be induced by the NA overriding the subducted Farallon plate. Moreover, augmented dynamic subsidence caused by a basalt-to-eclogite transformation of an oceanic plateau within the Farallon slab, depressed the GoM region and expanded the integrated drainage to the GoM since the Early Paleocene. For the first time, we show that dynamic topography can explain the north-to-south continental-scale drainage reorganization in North America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".