Squatters, access to land, and production of national narratives in post-colonial Kenya
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article harnesses the concept of the “usable past” to explore multiple strategies employed by squatters in post-colonial Kenya to access land since the 1960s. It argues that the conventional land reform program inherited at independence has largely failed to solve landlessness and the squatter problem. Consequently, inspired by past promises and pledges – exemplified by the optimism of the 1950s nationalist struggle, the pre-independence promises by nationalists to eliminate landlessness, and the independence government’s commitment to end poverty through agricultural enterprises – squatters have over the decades devised effective strategies to fend off competing interests in land. These interests – mainly government agencies, commercial companies, and private landowners – have been forced to accede to the squatters’ initiatives. While these initiatives have been relatively successful in addressing landlessness, they have by no means succeeded in eliminating the most vexing aspect of Kenya’s national land problem. Nevertheless, this success attests to their effectiveness outside government channels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".