Slavery, Elections and Political Affiliations in Colombia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
What is the effect of slavery on long-run party system development in the Americas? Recent research has examined these issues in the United States by focusing on contemporary white attitudes. However, relatively little research has considered the comparative generalizability of this agenda. In this article, we explore the impact of the intensity of slavery on political behavior in Colombia, a relatively stable democracy during the 20th century, with a de facto two-party system. We find that places where enslaved Africans were a larger proportion of the population in 1843 show higher levels of support for the Liberal Party. These results are robust to different specifications and strategies to identify the effect of slavery and are consistent across a different set of elections that span the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. We further explore and test two mechanisms related to the strength of the colonial state and the development of a party stronghold in areas with slavery. To complement the argument, we explore the contemporary partisan alliances of different ethnic groups in Colombia and show that the initial affiliation between liberals and black communities remained stable over time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".