Activated lymphoid follicles, sign of an immune response, are present in early idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and increase with disease progression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Increasing evidence suggests that an immune dysregulation may be involved in the progression of IPF. The presence of lymphoid follicles (LF) (sites where the immune response is triggered) in earlyIPF and their evolution with the progression of the disease, have never been caracterized as part of the natural history of IPF. Aim: 1) To investigate the presence of LF in earlyIPF(EIPF) and end-stage late IPF(LIPF) 2) To quantify LF numbers, dimensions and state of activation and their evolution from EIPF to LIPF. Methods: LF immunostained for B-lymphocytes were counted and measured in 15 EIPF (surgical biopsies), 42 LIPF (explanted lungs) and 9 smokers controls (SC)(surgical resection). Immunostaining for CD40, a costimulatory molecule expressed by B lymphocytes, was used to study the degree of LF activation in EIPF and LIPF. Results: LF were present in 100% of EIPF and LIPF and in 44% of SC (p<0.0001). LF number was higher in EIPF than in LIPF [9(3-36) vs 6(1–19)/cm2;p=0.02] and SC [0(0-20) cm2;p=0.0007], while LF area was increased in LIPF compared to EIPF [27,97(2,97-63,26) vs 14,41(8,97-23,21) μm2; p<0.0001) and similar to SC [23,51(14,57-43,72)μm2;p=0.58]. Both the percentage of activated LF(CD40+) (86%vs50%;p=0.04) and their absolute number [7(0-20)/cm2 vs 2(0-8)/cm2;p=0.04] in the lung were higher in LIPF than in EIPF. Conclusions: The large number of Lymphoid Follicles found in EIPF and the increase in LF volume and degree of immune activation as the disease progresses, suggest that an immune response has an important role in driving the progressive damage characteristic of the IPF course.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".