Plasmon-Enhanced 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Production from the Photothermal Conversion of Cellulose in a Biphasic Medium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rigid structure of cellulose renders a challenge for the efficient transformation of cellulose into valuable chemicals under mild conditions. Here, we report a multifunctional catalyst (Ru/HY-SO 3 H) for the selective cellulose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with a yield of 48.4% in a biphasic medium (ionic liquid/methyl isobutyl ketone) at a relatively low temperature (120 °C) and light illumination. The high yield of HMF from direct cellulose transformation is attributed to the cooperative effect of Ru particles and acidic sites. Ru supported on zeolite Y generates the surface plasmon resonance effect to enhance the catalytic activity via light energy harvesting and provides more acid sites to enhance cellulose hydrolysis. The biphasic system is found to facilitate the production of HMF by protecting it from undergoing side reactions. Our work demonstrates a feasible and sustainable way to efficiently produce high value-added chemicals from biomass conversion driven by solar energy under mild conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".